poena

Estonian

Noun

poena

1. essive singular of pood

Latin

Alternative forms

• pēna

Etymology

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ποινή (poinḗ, “penalty, fine, bloodmoney”)

Pronunciation

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /ˈpoe̯.na/, [ˈpoe̯nä]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ˈpe.na/, [ˈpɛːnä]

Noun

poena f (genitive poenae); first declension

1. penalty, punishment

   Synonyms: pūnītiō, mercēs, supplicium, vindicātiō, exemplum, sanctio, pretium, animadversus, vindicta, malum

   • c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico VII.4:

     Ut [...] magnitudine poenae perterreant alios

     In order to terrify others by the severity of punishment

   • 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 1.136:

     “Post mihi nōn similī poenā commissa luētis.”

     “Hereafter, [believe] me, you will atone by no similar penalty [for] having committed [such misdeeds].”
     (In other words, another transgression will earn the winds far worse than a verbal warning, says Neptune.)

2. hardship, torment

   Synonyms: cruciātus, malum

3. (figurative) execution

Declension

First-declension noun.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	poena	poenae
Genitive	poenae	poenārum
Dative	poenae	poenīs
Accusative	poenam	poenās
Ablative	poenā	poenīs
Vocative	poena	poenae

Derived terms

• poenās dare
• pūniō

Related terms

• paeniteō

Descendants

• Asturian: pena
• Old French: peine
  • French: peine
  • → Middle English: peyne, payne
    • English: pain
• Galician: pena
• Italian: pena
• Ladin: peina, pena
• Occitan: pena
  • Catalan: pena
• Old Galician-Portuguese: pẽa
  • Portuguese: pena
• Sicilian: pena
• Spanish: pena
• Venetian: pena
• Walloon: poenne
• → Breton: poan
• → English: pine
• → Proto-West Germanic: *pīnā (see there for further descendants)
• → Irish: pian
• → Old Norse: pína (see there for further descendants)
• → Romanian: penă
• → Swedish: pina
• → Welsh: poen

Further reading

• “poena”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “poena”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• poena in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
• poena in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
• Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎^[1], London: Macmillan and Co.
  • to revenge oneself on some one: ulcisci aliquem, poenas expetere ab aliquo
    
  • to revenge oneself for a thing: ulcisci aliquid, poenas alicuius rei expetere
    
  • to revenge oneself on another for a thing or on some one's behalf: poenas alicuius or alicuius rei repetere ab aliquo
    
  • to punish some one: poena afficere aliquem (Off. 2. 5. 18)
    
  • to exact a penalty from some one: poenas alicuius persequi
    
  • to exact a penalty from some one: poenam petere, repetere ab aliquo
    
  • to exact a penalty from some one: poenas expetere ab aliquo
    
  • to ordain as punishment that..: hanc poenam constituere in aliquem, ut...
    
  • to be (heavily) punished by some one: poenas (graves) dare alicui
    
  • to be punished by some one (on account of a thing): poenas alicui pendere (alicuius rei)
    
  • to suffer punishment: poenas dependere, expendere, solvere, persolvere
    
  • to suffer punishment: poenam (alicuius rei) ferre, perferre
    
  • to be punished for a thing, expiate it: poenam luere (alicuius rei) (Sull. 27. 76)
    
  • to submit to a punishment: poenam subire
    
• “poena”, in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898), Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers
• poena in Ramminger, Johann (2016 July 16 (last accessed)) Neulateinische Wortliste: Ein Wörterbuch des Lateinischen von Petrarca bis 1700‎^[2], pre-publication website, 2005-2016
• “poena”, in William Smith, editor (1848), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, London: John Murray
• “poena”, in William Smith et al., editor (1890), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, London: William Wayte. G. E. Marindin

Welsh

Pronunciation

• (North Wales) IPA^(key): /ˈpɔɨ̯na/
• (South Wales) IPA^(key): /ˈpɔi̯na/

Verb

poena

1. inflection of poeni:
   1. second-person singular imperative
   2. third-person singular present indicative/future literary
   3. first-person singular future colloquial

Mutation

Welsh mutation
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
poena	boena	mhoena	phoena
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.