cruciatus

Latin

Etymology

Perfect passive participle of cruciō.

Participle

cruciātus (feminine cruciāta, neuter cruciātum); first/second-declension participle

1. crucified
2. tortured
3. marked by a cross [from 12th century]

Declension

First/second-declension adjective.

Number	Singular				Plural
Case / Gender	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	cruciātus	cruciāta	cruciātum		cruciātī	cruciātae	cruciāta
Genitive	cruciātī	cruciātae	cruciātī		cruciātōrum	cruciātārum	cruciātōrum
Dative	cruciātō		cruciātō		cruciātīs
Accusative	cruciātum	cruciātam	cruciātum		cruciātōs	cruciātās	cruciāta
Ablative	cruciātō	cruciātā	cruciātō		cruciātīs
Vocative	cruciāte	cruciāta	cruciātum		cruciātī	cruciātae	cruciāta

Noun

cruciātus m (genitive cruciātūs); fourth declension

1. torture (or the instruments of torture)

   Synonyms: exemplum, supplicium

2. torment, suffering

   Synonyms: poena, malum

3. ruin, calamity, misfortune

   Synonyms: plāga, īnfortūnium, calamitās, cāsus, miseria, vulnus, malum, pestis, nūbēs

4. a crusader [from 13th century]

Usage notes

The adjective cruciātus had been used in the sense of "marked with a cross" from the 12th century; as a noun, cruciātus (often spelled with x in Middle Latin, cruxatus, croxatus, etc., also crucesignatus) was used of crusaders by the mid 13th century, from their practice of attaching a cloth cross symbol to their clothing.

Declension

Fourth-declension noun.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	cruciātus	cruciātūs
Genitive	cruciātūs	cruciātuum
Dative	cruciātuī	cruciātibus
Accusative	cruciātum	cruciātūs
Ablative	cruciātū	cruciātibus
Vocative	cruciātus	cruciātūs

Descendants

• English: cruciate
• Italian: crociato

References

• “cruciatus”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “cruciatus”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• cruciatus in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
• cruciatus in Ramminger, Johann (2016 July 16 (last accessed)) Neulateinische Wortliste: Ein Wörterbuch des Lateinischen von Petrarca bis 1700‎^[1], pre-publication website, 2005-2016
• Mittellateinisches Wörterbuch vol. 2 (1999), s.v. "cruciatus"
• Charles du Fresne, sieur du Cange, Glossarium mediae et infimae latinitatis, éd. augm., Niort : L. Favre, 1883‑1887, t. 2, col. 629a, s.v. "Cruciatæ"