sinus

See also: Sinus, sínus, and sinüs

English

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin sinus (“a bent surface, curve, hollow”). Doublet of sine.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈsaɪ.nəs/

• Audio (Southern England)

  (file)

• Rhymes: -aɪnəs

Noun

sinus (plural sinuses)

1. (anatomy, zootomy) A pouch or cavity in a bone or other tissue, especially one in the bones of the face or skull connecting with the nasal cavities (the paranasal sinus).

   Hyponyms: ethmoid sinus, frontal sinus, maxillary sinus, paranasal sinus, piriform sinus, Rokitansky-Aschoff sinus, sphenoid sinus

2. (anatomy) An irregular venous or lymphatic cavity, reservoir, or dilated vessel.

   Hyponyms: carotid sinus, cavernous sinus, coronary sinus, lateral sinus, petrosal sinus, sagittal sinus, sigmoid sinus, straight sinus, transverse sinus, venous sinus

   1. (physiology, attributive) Relating to or denoting the sinoatrial node of the heart or its function of regulating the heartbeat.
3. (pathology) An abnormal cavity or passage such as a fistula, leading from a deep-seated infection and discharging pus to the surface.
4. (botany) A rounded notch or depression between two lobes or teeth in the margin of a leaf or petal.
5. (geography) A bay of the sea; a recess in the shore.
6. (trigonometry) Synonym of sine.
   • 1884 November 29, “Aerial Navigation”, in Scientific American: A Weekly Journal of Practical Information, Art, Science, Mechanics, Chemistry, and Manufactures, volume LI, number 22, New York, N.Y.: Munn & Co., translation of original by Victor Tatin in La Nature, page 342, column 1:

     So, in the helicopteron, as the helix is at the same time a sustaining plane, it should be likened to a surface moving horizontally, and in which, consequenty, the resistance to motion will be to the lifting power as the sinus is to the cosinus of the angle formed by such plane with the horizon.

   • 1996, Pentti Zetterberg, Matti Eronen, Markus Lindholm, “Construction of a 7500-Year Tree-Ring Record for Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris, L.) in Northern Fennoscandia and its Application to Growth Variation and Palaeoclimatic Studies”, in Heinrich Spiecker, Kari Mielikäinen, Michael Köhl, Jens Peter Skovsgaard, editors, Growth Trends in European Forests (European Forest Institute Research Report; No. 5), Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, →ISBN, page 15:

     The variations are described in terms of cycles of sinuses and cosinuses.

   • 2007, Vladimir G. Ivancevic, Tijana T. Ivancevic, “Introduction: Human and Computational Mind”, in Computational Mind: A Complex Dynamics Perspective (Studies in Computational Intelligence; 60), Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, →ISBN, →LCCN, section 1 (Natural Intelligence and Human Mind), pages 60–61:

     Basically, the rotation of the matrix of the factor loadings L represents its post-multiplication, i.e. L* = LO by the rotation matrix O, which itself resembles one of the matrices included in the classical rotational Lie groups SO(m) (containing the specific m–fold combination of sinuses and cosinuses.

Derived terms

• confluence of sinuses
• dural sinus
• dural venous sinus
• extrasinus
• inferior petrosal sinus
• inferior sagittal sinus
• intrasinus
• nonsinus
• parasinus
• pyriform sinus
• sick sinus syndrome
• sinal
• sino-, sinu-, sinuso-
• sinus brady
• sinuscope
• sinusectomy
• sinusitis
• sinuslike
• sinus node
• sinusoid
• sinus pudoris
• sinus rhythm
• sinus tachy
• sinus venosus
• sphenoidal sinus
• superior petrosal sinus
• superior sagittal sinus

 

Translations

pouch or cavity in a bone or other tissue

• Afrikaans: sinus, sinusse pl
• Arabic: جَيْب اَلْأُنْف m (jayb al-ʔunf)

  Egyptian Arabic: جيوب أنفية f pl (geyuub ʔanfeya)

• Asturian: senu (ast) m
• Bulgarian: синус (bg) m (sinus)
• Catalan: si (ca) m
• Chinese:

  Mandarin: 竇／窦 (zh) (dòu)

• Czech: sinus (cs) m, dutina (cs) f
• Esperanto: sinuso
• Finnish: ontelo (fi)
• French: sinus (fr) m
• Galician: seo (gl) m
• German: Sinus (de) m, (paranasal) Nasennebenhöhle (de) f
• Hungarian: üreg (hu)
• Ido: sinuso (io)
• Italian: seno (it) m
• Japanese: 副鼻腔 (ja) (ふくびこう, fukubikō)
• Plautdietsch: Hollinj f
• Polish: zatoka (pl) f
• Portuguese: seio (pt) m
• Romanian: sinus (ro) n
• Russian: па́зуха (ru) f (pázuxa)
• Spanish: seno (es) m
• Volapük: sinud

venous or lymphatic cavity

• Chinese:

  Mandarin: 竇／窦 (zh) (dòu)

relating to the sinoatrial node

• Chinese:

  Mandarin: 竇性／窦性 (dòuxìng)

abnormal cavity or passage

• Finnish: avanne (fi)
• Russian: свищ (ru) m (svišč), фи́стула (ru) f (fístula)

References

• “sinus”, in Lexico, Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019–2022.
• “sinus”, in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster, 1996–present.

Anagrams

• Sunis, nisus

Albanian

Noun

sinus m

1. (trigonometry) sine

Further reading

• “sinus”, in FGJSH: Fjalor i gjuhës shqipe [Dictionary of the Albanian language] (in Albanian), 2006
• “sinus”, in FGJSSH: Fjalor i gjuhës së sotme shqipe [Dictionary of the modern Albanian language]‎^[1] (in Albanian), 1980

Catalan

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin sinus.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (Central, Balearic, Valencian) [ˈsi.nus]

Noun

sinus m (invariable)

1. sine

Derived terms

• cosinus

See also

• tangent
• cosecant
• secant
• cotangent

Further reading

• “sinus” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.

Czech

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin sinus.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈsɪnus]
• Hyphenation: si‧nus

Noun

sinus m inan

1. (trigonometry) sine
2. (anatomy) sinus

Declension

Declension of sinus (hard masculine inanimate foreign)

	singular	plural
nominative	sinus	sinusy, siny
genitive	sinusu, sinu	sinusů, sinů
dative	sinusu, sinu	sinusům, sinům
accusative	sinus	sinusy, siny
vocative	sinuse, sine	sinusy, siny
locative	sinusu, sinuse, sinu	sinusech, sinech
instrumental	sinusem, sinem	sinusy, siny

Related terms

• kosinus

 

Further reading

• sinus in Příruční slovník jazyka českého, 1935–1957
• sinus in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého, 1960–1971, 1989
• sinus in Akademický slovník cizích slov, 1995, at prirucka.ujc.cas.cz

Danish

Noun

sinus c (singular definite sinussen, plural indefinite sinusser)

1. (geometry) sine

Dutch

Pronunciation

• Audio

  (file)

• Hyphenation: si‧nus

Etymology 1

Learned borrowing from Latin sinus.

Noun

sinus m (plural sinussen, diminutive sinusje n)

1. (trigonometry) sine

Descendants

• → Indonesian: sinus
• → Papiamentu: sinùs

Etymology 2

Learned borrowing from Latin sinus.

Noun

sinus m (plural sinussen, diminutive sinusje n)

1. sinus

Descendants

• → Indonesian: sinus

French

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin sinus. Doublet of sein.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /si.nys/

• Audio

  (file)

Noun

sinus m (plural sinus)

1. (anatomy) sinus
2. (trigonometry) sine

See also

• cosécante
• cosinus
• cotangente
• sécante
• tangente

Further reading

• “sinus”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

Indonesian

Etymology

Borrowed from Dutch sinus, from Latin sinus.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈsinʊs]
• Rhymes: -nʊs, -ʊs, -s
• Hyphenation: si‧nus

Noun

sinus (first-person possessive sinusku, second-person possessive sinusmu, third-person possessive sinusnya)

1. sinus:
   1. (anatomy) a pouch or cavity in a bone or other tissue, especially one in the bones of the face or skull connecting with the nasal cavities (the paranasal sinus).
   2. (pathology) an abnormal cavity or passage such as a fistula, leading from a deep-seated infection and discharging pus to the surface.
2. (trigonometry) sine: in a right triangle, the ratio of the length of the side opposite an angle to the length of the hypotenuse.

Derived terms

• sinus etmoid
• sinus frontalis
• sinus maksila
• sinus maksilaris
• sinus stenoid

 

Further reading

• “sinus” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation — Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic Indonesia, 2016.

Latin

Etymology 1

From Proto-Indo-European *sinos; akin to Albanian gji (“breast, bosom”).

The mathematical sense ‘chord of an arc, sine’ was introduced in the 12th century by Gherardo of Cremona as a semantic loan from Arabic جَيْب (jayb, “chord, sine”) (ultimately a loan from Sanskrit ज्या (jyā, “bowstring”)) by confusion with جَيْب (jayb, “bosom, fold in a garment”).

Pronunciation

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /ˈsi.nus/, [ˈs̠ɪnʊs̠]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ˈsi.nus/, [ˈsiːnus]

Noun

sinus m (genitive sinūs); fourth declension

1. (chiefly poetic) a bent surface; a curve, fold, hollow
2. (literal) the hanging fold of a toga over the breast; a pocket, lap

   Synonym: gremium

   1. (transferred sense)
      1. a purse, money, which was carried in the bosom of the toga
      2. (poetic) a garment
         • 8 CE, Ovid, Fasti 4.431–432:

           ‘comitēs, accēdite’ dīxit
           ‘et mēcum plēnōs flōrē refertē sinūs.’

           ‘‘Come, my companions,’’ she said,
           ‘‘and with me you all [can] carry back flowers, filling the folds of your garments.’’
           (Persephone and her attendants wander away from the protection of her mother Ceres and the other matrons prior to Persephone’s abduction.)

      3. the bosom, breast

         Synonym: pectus

   2. (figurative)
      1. the bosom for love, protection, asylum
      2. the interior, inmost part of a thing
      3. a power, possession of someone
      4. a hiding place, place of concealment; a secret feeling
3. a gulf, bay, bight
   • 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 1.160–161:

     [insula] quibus omnis ab altō
     frangitur inque sinūs scindit sēsē unda reductōs.

     [an island] against which every wave [coming] from the deep sea shatters, and [thus] diminished, spreads itself into the bay.

   1. the land lying on or a point of land that helps to form a gulf
   2. a basin, hollow, valley
   3. (Medieval Latin) a fjord
4. (Medieval Latin, mathematics) the chord of an arc; a sine

Inflection

Fourth-declension noun.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	sinus	sinūs
Genitive	sinūs	sinuum
Dative	sinuī	sinibus
Accusative	sinum	sinūs
Ablative	sinū	sinibus
Vocative	sinus	sinūs

Quotations

Aeneid (Pūblius Vergilius Marō) lines 1.160–161: Latin: quibus omnis ab altō // frangitus inque sinūs scindit sēsē͡ unda reductōs. English: on which all the waves from the deep are broken and it splits itself into receeding ripples.

Derived terms

• sinuō (verb)
• sinuōsus (adjective)

Descendants

Descendants of sinus in other languages

• → Aromanian: sin
• Asturian: senu, sen
• Catalan: si; → sina
• → English: sinus, sine
• French: sein; → sinus
• Friulian: sen
• Italian: seno
• Old Galician-Portuguese: sẽo
  • Galician: seo
  • Portuguese: seio
• Piedmontese: sen
• → Portuguese: sino, seno (learned)
• Romanian: sân
• Romansch: sain
• Sardinian: sinu
• Sicilian: sinu
• Spanish: seno
• Venetian: sen

Etymology 2

From Proto-Indo-European *sh₁ih₂sno-, deverbative of *seh₁y- ‘to sift, strain’ (compare Ancient Greek ἠθέω (ēthéō), Lithuanian sijóti, Serbo-Croatian sȉjati).

Alternative forms

• sīnum

Pronunciation

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /ˈsiː.nus/, [ˈs̠iːnʊs̠]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ˈsi.nus/, [ˈsiːnus]

Noun

sīnus m (genitive sīnī); second declension

1. a large round drinking vessel with swelling sides, shaped like a bowl

Inflection

Second-declension noun.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	sīnus	sīnī
Genitive	sīnī	sīnōrum
Dative	sīnō	sīnīs
Accusative	sīnum	sīnōs
Ablative	sīnō	sīnīs
Vocative	sīne	sīnī

References

• “sinus”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “sinum”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “sinus”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• sinus in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
• sinus in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
• Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎^[2], London: Macmillan and Co.
  • the heart of the city: sinus urbis (Sall. Cat. 52. 35)
    
  • the city is situate on a bay: urbs in sinu sita est
    
  • to rejoice in secret: in sinu gaudere (Tusc. 3. 21. 51)
    
  • to love and make a bosom friend of a person: aliquem in sinu gestare (aliquis est in sinu alicuius) (Ter. Ad. 4. 5. 75)
    
  • (ambiguous) to be driven into the arms of philosophy: in sinum philosophiae compelli
    
• “sinus”, in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898), Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers
• “sinus”, in William Smith, editor (1854, 1857), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, volume 1 & 2, London: Walton and Maberly

Northern Sami

Noun

sinus

1. locative singular of sitnu

Norwegian Bokmål

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin sinus.

Noun

sinus m (definite singular sinusen, indefinite plural sinuser, definite plural sinusene)

1. (trigonometry) sine
2. (anatomy) sinus

Related terms

• cosinus

References

• “sinus” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

Norwegian Nynorsk

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin sinus.

Noun

sinus m (definite singular sinusen, indefinite plural sinusar, definite plural sinusane)

1. (trigonometry) sine
2. (anatomy) sinus

Related terms

• cosinus

References

• “sinus” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

Polish

sinus

Etymology

Learned borrowing from New Latin sinus.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈsi.nus/

• Audio

  (file)

• Rhymes: -inus
• Syllabification: si‧nus

Noun

sinus m inan (related adjective sinusowy)

1. (trigonometry) sine, sinus (in a right triangle, the ratio of the length of the side opposite an angle to the length of the hypotenuse)

   Hypernym: funkcja trygonometryczna

   Coordinate terms: cosecans, cosinus, cotangens, secans, tangens

Declension

Declension of sinus

	singular	plural
nominative	sinus	sinusy
genitive	sinusa/sinusu	sinusów
dative	sinusowi	sinusom
accusative	sinus	sinusy
instrumental	sinusem	sinusami
locative	sinusie	sinusach
vocative	sinusie	sinusy

Related terms

adjective

• sinusoidalny

 

adverb

• sinusoidalnie

 

noun

• sinusoida

 

Further reading

• sinus in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
• sinus in Polish dictionaries at PWN

Romanian

Etymology

Borrowed from French sinus, from Latin sinus.

Noun

sinus n (plural sinusuri)

1. sine (trigonometric function)

Swedish

Etymology

From Latin sinus

Noun

sinus c

1. (trigonometry) sine
2. (anatomy) sinus

Declension

No inflected forms. sinus is used for the definite singular.

References

• sinus in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)
• sinus in Svensk ordbok (SO)
• sinus in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)

Veps

Pronoun

sinus

1. inessive of sinä