spiritus

See also: Spiritus

English

Etymology

From Latin spīritus. Doublet of spirit, sprite, and esprit.

Noun

spiritus (plural spirituses or spiritus)

1. A breathing.
2. An aspirate.
3. Any spirituous preparation.

Related terms

• spiritus asper
• spiritus lenis
• spiritus mundi

 

Czech

Etymology

Derived from Latin spīritus, from or related to spīrō.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈspɪrɪtus]

Noun

spiritus m inan

1. ethanol

Declension

Declension of spiritus (hard masculine inanimate foreign)

	singular	plural
nominative	spiritus	spirity
genitive	spiritu	spiritů
dative	spiritu	spiritům
accusative	spiritus	spirity
vocative	spirite	spirity
locative	spiritu	spiritech
instrumental	spiritem	spirity

Related terms

• aspirace
• aspirant
• aspirantura
• aspirovat
• expirace
• exspirace
• inspirace
• inspirátor
• inspirovat
• konspirace
• konspirátor
• perspirace
• respirace
• respirátor
• spiritismus
• spiritista
• spiritistický
• spiritualismus
• spiritualista
• spiritualistický
• spiritualita
• spirituál
• spirituální
• spirometr
• spirometrický
• spirometrie
• špiritus
• transpirace

 

Further reading

• spiritus in Příruční slovník jazyka českého, 1935–1957
• spiritus in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého, 1960–1971, 1989
• spiritus in Akademický slovník cizích slov, 1995, at prirucka.ujc.cas.cz

Dutch

Etymology

From Latin spīritus (“breath; spirit”).

Pronunciation

• Audio

  (file)

Noun

spiritus m (plural spiritussen or spiritus, diminutive spiritusje n) (in sense 2)

1. methylated spirit

   Synonym: brandspiritus

2. (orthography) A kind of diacritic used on Ancient Greek vowels to indicate aspiration or lack thereof. See spiritus asper and spiritus lenis.

Descendants

• → Indonesian: spiritus (“methylated spirit”)
• → Papiamentu: spíritùs

Indonesian

Etymology

From Dutch spiritus, from Latin spīritus (“breath; spirit”). Doublet of spirit.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [spiˈrɪt̪ʊs]
• Hyphenation: spi‧ri‧tus

Noun

spiritus (plural spiritus-spiritus, first-person possessive spiritusku, second-person possessive spiritusmu, third-person possessive spiritusnya)

1. methylated spirit.

Alternative forms

• seperitus, sepiritus

Related terms

• spirit

 

Further reading

• “spiritus” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation — Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic Indonesia, 2016.

Latin

Etymology

From spīrō (“I breathe; I blow, exhale, emit; I respire; I live; I am inspired; I show, express”) +‎ -tus.

Pronunciation

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /ˈspiː.ri.tus/, [ˈs̠piːrɪt̪ʊs̠]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ˈspi.ri.tus/, [ˈspiːrit̪us]

Noun

spīritus m (genitive spīritūs); fourth declension

1. air, breath, breathing

   Synonyms: spīrātiō, anima

   • 1833, Classicorum auctorum e Vaticanicis codicibus editorum tomus V., Rome, page 595:

     Spīritūs sunt duo dasia et psile.

     There are two breathings [in Ancient Greek]: rough and smooth.

2. light breeze
3. spirit, ghost
   • 405 CE, Jerome, Vulgate Genesis.1.2:

     Terra autem erat inānis et vacua, et tenebrae erant super faciem abyssī: et spīritus Deī ferēbātur super aquās.

     And the earth was void and empty, and darkness was upon the face of the deep; and the spirit of God moved over the waters.

4. mind
   • 405 CE, Jerome, Vulgate Proverbs.29.11:

     tōtum spīritum suum prōfert stultus sapiēns differt et reservat in posterum

     A fool uttereth all his mind: a wise man deferreth, and keepeth it till afterwards. (trans. Douay-Rheims Bible)

5. energy; courage

   Synonyms: virtūs, fortitūdō, fīdūcia, animus

6. pride, haughtiness, arrogance

   Synonyms: superbia, arrogantia

Declension

Fourth-declension noun.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	spīritus	spīritūs
Genitive	spīritūs	spīrituum
Dative	spīrituī	spīritibus
Accusative	spīritum	spīritūs
Ablative	spīritū	spīritibus
Vocative	spīritus	spīritūs

Derived terms

• spīritus asper
• spīritus lēnis
• spīritus mundī
• spīritus sānctus
• spīrituālis

 

Related terms

• spīritāliter
• spīritālitā
• spīrābilis
• spīrāculum
• spīrāmen
• spīrāmentum
• spīrātiō
• spīrātus
• spīrō

 

Descendants

• → Albanian: shpirt
• → Asturian: espíritu
• → Proto-Brythonic: *ɨspɨrɨd
  • Breton: spered
  • Cornish: spyrys
  • Welsh: ysbryd
• → Dutch: spiritus
• → Old French: espirit
  • → Middle English: spirit
    • English: spirit
  • Middle French: esperit
    • French: esprit
      • English: esprit
• → Friulian: spirt
• → German: Spiritus
• → Old Irish: spirut, spiurt
  • Middle Irish: spirat
    • Irish: spiorad
    • Manx: spyrryd
    • Scottish Gaelic: spiorad
• → Italian: spirito, spirto
• >? Ladin: spiert, spirt (might be inherited)
• → Old Occitan: esperit
  • Catalan: esperit
  • Occitan: esperit
• → Old Galician-Portuguese: espirito
  • Galician: espírito
  • Portuguese: espírito
• → Romanian: spirit, spiriduș
• >? Romansch: spiert, spért (might be inherited)
• → Sardinian: ispìritu
• → Sicilian: spìritu, spirdu
• → Old Spanish: espirtu, espirto
  • Spanish: espíritu
    • → Basque: espiritu
    • → Cebuano: espiritu
  • Ladino: איספיריטו (espirito), איספריטו (esprito)
• → Venetian: spirito
• → Walloon: spert

References

• Walther von Wartburg (1928–2002) “spīritus”, in Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German), volumes 12: Sk–š, page 195
• Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1911) “spiritus”, in Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German)

Further reading

• “spiritus”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “spiritus”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• spiritus in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
• spiritus in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette, page 1468.
• spiritus in Georges, Karl Ernst, Georges, Heinrich (1913–1918) Ausführliches lateinisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch, 8th edition, volume 2, Hahnsche Buchhandlung, column 2764
• Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎^[1], London: Macmillan and Co.
  • to breathe, live: animam, spiritum ducere
    
  • to breathe the air: aera spiritu ducere
    
  • to suffocate a person: spiritum intercludere alicui
    
  • to give up the ghost: extremum vitae spiritum edere
    
  • inspired: divino quodam spiritu inflatus or tactus
    
  • to be haughty: magnos spiritus sibi sumere (B. G. 1. 33)
    
  • to lower a person's pride: spiritus alicuius reprimere
    
  • patrician arrogance; pride of caste: spiritus patricii (Liv. 4. 42)
    
  • to assume a despotic tone: regios spiritus sibi sumere
    
  • to destroy a despotism, tyranny: regios spiritus reprimere (Nep. Dion. 5. 5)