モジュール:tl-pron
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-- Based on [[モジュール:es-pronunc]] by Benwing2.
-- Adaptation by TagaSanPedroAko, Improved by Ysrael214.
local export = {}
local m_IPA = require("モジュール:IPA")
local lang = require("モジュール:languages").getByCode("tl")
local u = mw.ustring.char
local rfind = mw.ustring.find
local rsubn = mw.ustring.gsub
local rsplit = mw.text.split
local ulower = mw.ustring.lower
local AC = u(0x0301) -- acute = ́
local GR = u(0x0300) -- grave = ̀
local CFLEX = u(0x0302) -- circumflex = ̂
local TILDE = u(0x0303) -- tilde = ̃
local DIA = u(0x0308) -- diaeresis = ̈
local MACRON = u(0x0304) -- macron
local vowel = "aeëəiou" -- vowel
local V = "[" .. vowel .. "]"
local accent = AC .. GR .. CFLEX .. MACRON
local accent_c = "[" .. accent .. "]"
local ipa_stress = "ˈˌ"
local ipa_stress_c = "[" .. ipa_stress .. "]"
local separator = accent .. ipa_stress .. "# ."
local C = "[^" .. vowel .. separator .. "]" -- consonant
local unstressed_words = require("モジュール:table").listToSet({
"ang", "sa", "nang", "si", "ni", "kay", -- case markers. "Nang" here is for written "ng", but can also work with nang as in the contraction na'ng and the conjunction "nang"
"a", "ar", "ay", "ba", "bi", "da", "di", "e", "ef", "eks", "dyi", "i", "jey", "key", "em", "ma", "en", "pi", "ra", "es", "ta", "ti", "u", "vi", "wa", "way", "ya", "yu", "zey", "zi", -- letter names (abakada and modern Filipino)
"ko", "mo", "ka", --single-syllable personal pronouns
"na",-- linker, also temporal particle
"daw", "ga", "ha", "pa", -- particles
"di7", "de7", -- negation words
"may", -- single-syllable existential
"pag", "kung", -- subordinating conjunctions
"at", "o", -- coordinating conjunctions
"hay", -- interjections
"de", "del", "el", "la", "las", "los", "y", -- in some Spanish-derived terms and names
"-an", "-en", "-han", "hi-", "-hin", "hin-", "hing-", "-in", "mag-", "mang-", "pa-", "pag-", "pang-", -- affixes
"-ay", "-i", "-nin", "-ng", "-oy", "-s"
})
local special_words = {
["ng"] = "nang", ["ng̃"] = "nang", ["ñ̃g"] = "nang",
["mga"] = "manga" .. AC, ["mg̃a"] = "manga" .. AC
}
-- version of rsubn() that discards all but the first return value
local function rsub(term, foo, bar)
local retval = rsubn(term, foo, bar)
return retval
end
-- version of rsubn() that returns a 2nd argument boolean indicating whether
-- a substitution was made.
local function rsubb(term, foo, bar)
local retval, nsubs = rsubn(term, foo, bar)
return retval, nsubs > 0
end
-- apply rsub() repeatedly until no change
local function rsub_repeatedly(term, foo, bar)
while true do
local new_term = rsub(term, foo, bar)
if new_term == term then
return term
end
term = new_term
end
end
-- ĵ, ɟ and ĉ are used internally to represent [d͡ʒ], [j] and [t͡ʃ]
--
function export.IPA(text)
local debug = {}
text = ulower(text or mw.title.getCurrentTitle().text)
-- decompose everything but ñ and ü
text = mw.ustring.toNFD(text)
text = rsub(text, "." .. "[" .. TILDE .. DIA .. "]", {
["n" .. TILDE] = "ñ",
["u" .. DIA] = "ü",
["e" .. DIA] = "ë",
})
-- convert commas and en/en dashes to IPA foot boundaries
text = rsub(text, "%s*[,–—]%s*", " | ")
-- question mark or exclamation point in the middle of a sentence -> IPA foot boundary
text = rsub(text, "([^%s])%s*[!?]%s*([^%s])", "%1 | %2")
-- canonicalize multiple spaces and remove leading and trailing spaces
local function canon_spaces(text)
text = rsub(text, "%s+", " ")
text = rsub(text, "^ ", "")
text = rsub(text, " $", "")
return text
end
text = canon_spaces(text)
-- Make prefixes unstressed unless they have an explicit stress marker; also make certain
-- monosyllabic words (e.g. [[ang]], [[ng]], [[si]], [[na]], etc.) without stress marks be
-- unstressed.
local words = rsplit(text, " ")
for i=1, #words do
words[i] = special_words[words[i]] or words[i]
if rfind(words[i], "%-$") and not rfind(words[i], accent_c) or unstressed_words[words[i]] then
-- add macron to the last vowel not the first one
-- adding the macron after the 'u'
words[i] = rsub(words[i], "^(.*" .. V .. ")", "%1" .. MACRON)
end
words[i] = rsub(words[i], "^%-(" .. V .. ")", "◌%1") -- suffix/infix if vowel, remove glottal stop at start
words[i] = rsub(words[i], "^%-([7ʔ])(" .. V .. ")", "-%1%2" .. MACRON) -- affix that requires glottal stop
words[i] = rsub(words[i], "^(de%-)", "de" .. MACRON .. '-') -- de-<word> fix
words[i] = rsub(words[i], "%-(na)%-", '-' .. "na" .. MACRON .. '-') -- -na-<word> fix
words[i] = rsub(words[i], "%-(mga)%-", '-' .. special_words["mga"] .. '-') -- -mga-<word> fix
words[i] = rsub(words[i], "%-(mga)%-", '-' .. special_words["mga"] .. '-') -- -mga-<word> fix
words[i] = rsub(words[i], "^y$", "i" .. MACRON) -- Spanish y fix
end
text = table.concat(words, " ")
-- Convert hyphens to spaces
text = rsub(text, "%-", " ")
-- canonicalize multiple spaces again, which may have been introduced by hyphens
text = canon_spaces(text)
-- now eliminate punctuation
text = rsub(text, "[!?']", "")
-- put # at word beginning and end and double ## at text/foot boundary beginning/end
text = rsub(text, " | ", "# | #")
text = "##" .. rsub(text, " ", "# #") .. "##"
text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "([.]?)#([.]?)", "#")
table.insert(debug, text)
-- handle certain combinations; ch ng and sh handling needs to go first
text = rsub(text, "([t]?)ch", "ts") --not the real sound
text = rsub(text, "([n]?)g̃", "ng") -- Spanish spelling support
text = rsub(text, "ng", "ŋ")
text = rsub(text, "sh", "ʃ")
--x
text = rsub(text, "([#])x(" .. V .. ")", "%1s%2")
text = rsub(text, "x", "ks")
--ll
text = rsub(text, "ll([i]?)(".. V.. ")", "ly%2")
--c, gü/gu+e or i, q
text = rsub(text, "c([iey])", "s%1")
text = rsub(text, "(" .. V .. ")gü([ie])", "%1ɡw%2")
text = rsub(text, "gü([ie])", "ɡuw%1")
text = rsub(text, "gui([aeëo])", "ɡy%1")
text = rsub(text, "gu([ie])", "ɡ%1")
text = rsub(text, "qu([ie])", "k%1")
text = rsub(text, "ü", "u")
text = rsub(text, "ë", "ə")
--alphabet-to-phoneme
text = rsub(text, "[cfgjñqrvz7]",
--["g"]="ɡ": U+0067 LATIN SMALL LETTER G → U+0261 LATIN SMALL LETTER SCRIPT G
{ ["c"] = "k", ["g"] = "ɡ", ["j"] = "ĵ", ["ñ"] = "ɲ", ["q"] = "k", ["r"] = "ɾ", ["7"] = "ʔ"})
-- trill in rr
text = rsub(text, "ɾɾ", "r")
-- ts
text = rsub(text, "ts", "ĉ") --not the real sound
table.insert(debug, text)
text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "([^" .. vowel .. "])([u])([" .. AC .. MACRON .. "]?)([aeio])(" .. accent_c .. "?)","%1%2%3.w%4%5")
text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "(" .. V .. ")([u])([" .. AC .. MACRON .. "]?)([aeio])(" .. accent_c .. "?)","%1.w%3%4%5")
text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "(" .. V .. ")([o])([" .. AC .. MACRON .. "]?)([aei])(" .. accent_c .. "?)","%1.w%3%4%5")
text = rsub(text, "([i])([" .. AC .. MACRON .. "])([aeou])(" .. accent_c .. "?)","%1%2.y%3%4")
text = rsub(text, "([i])([aeou])(" .. accent_c .. "?)","y%2%3")
text = rsub(text, "a([".. AC .."]*)o([#.])","a%1w%2")
--determining whether "y" is a consonant or a vowel
text = rsub(text, "y(" .. accent_c .. ")", "i%1")
text = rsub(text, "y(" .. V .. ")", "ɟ%1") -- not the real sound
text = rsub(text,"y([ˈˌ.]*)([bćĉdfɡhjĵklmnɲŋpɾrsʃtvwɟzʔ#" .. vowel .. "])","i%1%2")
text = rsub(text, "w(" .. V .. ")","w%1")
text = rsub(text,"w([ˈˌ]?)([bćĉdfɡjĵklmnɲŋpɾrsʃtvwɟzʔ#])","u%1%2")
table.insert(debug, text)
--vowels with grave/circumflex to vowel+glottal stop
text = rsub(text, CFLEX, AC .. GR)
text = rsub(text, "(" .. V .. ")([" .. AC .. "]?)" .. GR .. "([#" .. vowel .. "])", "%1%2ʔ%3")
text = rsub(text, "(" .. V .. ")([" .. AC .. "]?)" .. GR, "%1%2")
-- Add glottal stop for words starting with vowel
text = rsub(text, "([#])(" .. V .. ")", "%1ʔ%2")
text = rsub(text, "◌", "")
text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "(" .. V .. accent_c .. "*)(" .. C .. V .. ")", "%1.%2")
text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "(" .. V .. accent_c .. "*" .. C .. ")(" .. C .. V .. ")", "%1.%2")
text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "(" .. V .. accent_c .. "*" .. C .. "+)(" .. C .. C .. V .. ")", "%1.%2")
text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "(" .. C .. ")%.s(" .. C .. ")", "%1s.%2")
-- Any aeo, or stressed iu, should be syllabically divided from a following aeo or stressed iu.
text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "([aeo]" .. accent_c .. "*)([aeo])", "%1.%2")
text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "([aeo]" .. accent_c .. "*)(" .. V .. AC .. ")", "%1.%2")
text = rsub(text, "([iuə]" .. AC .. ")([aeo])", "%1.%2")
text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "([iuə]" .. AC .. ")(" .. V .. AC .. ")", "%1.%2")
text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "i(" .. accent_c .. "*)i", "i%1.i")
text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "u(" .. accent_c .. "*)u", "u%1.u")
table.insert(debug, text)
local accent_to_stress_mark = { [AC] = "ˈ", [MACRON] = "" }
local function accent_word(word, syllables)
-- Now stress the word. If any accent exists in the word (including macron indicating an unaccented word),
-- put the stress mark(s) at the beginning of the indicated syllable(s). Otherwise, apply the default
-- stress rule.
if rfind(word, accent_c) then
for i = 1, #syllables do
syllables[i] = rsub(syllables[i], "^(.*)(" .. accent_c .. ")(.*)$",
function(pre, accent, post)
return accent_to_stress_mark[accent] .. pre .. post
end
)
end
else
-- Default stress rule. Words without vowels (e.g. IPA foot boundaries) don't get stress.
if #syllables > 1 and rfind(word, "[^aeiouəʔbcĉdfɡghjɟĵklmnñɲŋpqrɾsʃtvwxz#]#") or #syllables == 1 and rfind(word, V) then
syllables[#syllables] = "ˈ" .. syllables[#syllables]
elseif #syllables >= 2 then
local vowel_find = false
local stress_find = false
for i=0, #syllables-1 do
if rfind(syllables[#syllables - i], V) then
if vowel_find then
syllables[#syllables - i] = "ˈ" .. syllables[#syllables - i]
stress_find = true
break
end
vowel_find = true
end
end
if vowel_find and not stress_find then
syllables[#syllables - 1] = "ˈ" .. syllables[#syllables - 1]
end
end
end
end
local words = rsplit(text, " ")
for j, word in ipairs(words) do
-- accentuation
local syllables = rsplit(word, "%.")
accent_word(word, syllables)
-- Reconstruct the word.
words[j] = table.concat(syllables, ".")
end
text = table.concat(words, " ")
-- suppress syllable mark before IPA stress indicator
text = rsub(text, "%.(" .. ipa_stress_c .. ")", "%1")
--make all primary stresses but the last one be secondary
text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "ˈ(.+)ˈ", "ˌ%1ˈ")
table.insert(debug,text)
--"ph" digraph be "f"
text = rsub(text,"ph(" .. V .. ")","f%1")
--correct final glottal stop placement
text = rsub(text,"([ˈˌ])ʔ([#]*)([ʔbĉćdfɡhĵɟklmnŋɲpɾrsʃtvwz])(" .. V .. ")","%1%2%3%4ʔ")
table.insert(debug,text)
--add temporary macron for /a/, /i/ and /u/ in stressed syllables so they don't get replaced by unstressed form
text = rsub(text,"([ˈˌ])([#]*)([ʔbćĉdfɡhĵɟklmnŋpɾrstvwz]?)([ɟlnɾst]?)([a])([ʔbdfɡiklmnŋpɾstu]?)([bdɡklmnpɾst]?)","%1%2%3%4ā%6%7")
text = rsub(text,"([ˈˌ])([#]*)([ʔbćĉdfɡhĵɟklmnŋpɾrstvwz]?)([ɟlnɾst]?)([i])([ʔbdfɡklmnŋpɾstu]?)([bdɡklmnpɾst]?)","%1%2%3%4ī%6%7")
text = rsub(text,"([ˈˌ])([#]*)([ʔbćĉdfɡhĵɟklmnŋpɾrstvwz]?)([ɟlnɾst]?)([u])([ʔbdfɡiklmnŋpɾst]?)([bdɡklmnpɾst]?)","%1%2%3%4ū%6%7")
table.insert(debug, text)
--Corrections for diphthongs
text = rsub(text,"([aāeəouū])i","%1j") --ay
text = rsub(text,"([aāeəiīo])u","%1w") --aw
table.insert(debug, text)
--remove "ɟ" and "w" inserted on vowel pair starting with "i" and "u"
text = rsub(text,"([i])([ˈˌ]?)ɟ([aāeəouū])","%1%2%3")
text = rsub(text,"([u])([ˈˌ]?)w([aāeəiī])","%1%2%3")
table.insert(debug,text)
--/z/ changes
text = rsub(text,"([aāeəoiīuū])z([ˈˌ.#])([^bdfɡĵjɟŋɾrvz])","%1s%2%3") -- /z/ turn to /s/ before some unvoiced sounds
text = rsub(text,"([^#bdfɡĵjɟnŋɾrvzaāeəoiīuū])([ˈˌ.#])z","%1%2s") -- /z/ turn to /s/ after some unvoiced sounds
text = rsub(text,"([bćĉdfɡhĵjɟklmnŋptvwz])([ˈˌ.]?)([ɟlɾst])([aāeəoiīuū])([.]?)([z])","%1%2%3%4%5s") -- consonant cluster before /z/ turn to /s/
text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "([^z]*)z([^z]*)([^#bdfɡĵjɟnŋɾrvzˈˌ.#][ˈˌ.#]?)z", "%1z%2%3s") -- /z/ turn to /s/ if /z/ already said earlier
local tl_IPA_table = {
["phonetic"] = text,
["phonemic"] = text
}
for key, value in pairs(tl_IPA_table) do
text = tl_IPA_table[key]
--phonetic transcription
if key == "phonetic" then
table.insert(debug, text)
--Turn phonemic diphthongs to phonetic diphthongs
text = rsub(text, "([aāeəouū])j", "%1ɪ̯")
text = rsub(text, "([aāeəiīo])w", "%1ʊ̯")
table.insert(debug, text)
--change a, i, u to unstressed equivalents (certain forms to restore)
text = rsub(text,"a","ɐ")
text = rsub(text,"i","ɪ")
text = rsub(text,"u","ʊ")
table.insert(debug, text)
text = rsub(text,"n([ˈˌ.])ɟ","%1ɲ") -- /n/ before /j/
text = rsub(text,"n[ɟj]([ɐāeəɪɪ̯īoʊʊ̯ū])", "ɲ%1") -- /n/ before /j/
--Combine consonants (except H) followed by I/U and certain stressed vowels
text = rsub(text,"([bćĉdfɡĵklmnɲŋpɾrstvz])([ɟlnɾst]?)ɪ([ˈˌ.])ɟ?([āɐeəoūʊ])","%3%1%2ɟ%4")
text = rsub(text,"([bćĉdfɡĵklmnɲŋpɾrstvz])([ɟlnɾst]?)ʊ([ˈˌ.])w?([āɐeəīɪo])","%3%1%2w%4")
text = rsub(text,"([h])ʊ([ˈˌ.])w?([āɐeəīɪ])","%2%1w%3") -- only for hu with (ei) combination
text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "([.]+)", ".")
table.insert(debug, text)
-- foreign s consonant clusters
text = rsub(text,"([ˈˌ.]?)([#]*)([.]?)([s])([ʔbćĉdfɡhĵklmnŋpɾrt])([ɟlnɾst]?)([ɐāeəɪɪ̯īoʊʊ̯ū])",
function(stress, boundary, syllable, s, cons1, cons2, vowel)
if stress == "" then stress = "." end
return boundary .. "ʔɪ" .. s .. stress .. cons1 .. cons2 .. vowel
end
)
text = rsub(text,"([ˈˌ])([ʔbćĉdfɡhĵɟklmnŋpɾrstwvz]?)([ɟlnɾst]?)([ɐ])","%1%2%3ā")
text = rsub(text,"([ˈˌ])([ʔbćĉdfɡhĵɟklmnŋpɾrstwvz]?)([ɟlnɾst]?)([ɪ])","%1%2%3ī")
text = rsub(text,"([ˈˌ])([ʔbćĉdfɡhĵɟklmnŋpɾrstwvz]?)([ɟlnɾst]?)([ʊ])","%1%2%3ū")
table.insert(debug, text)
text = rsub(text,"([nŋ])([ˈˌ# .]*[bfpv])","m%2")
text = rsub(text,"([ŋ])([ˈˌ# .]*[dlstz])","n%2")
text = rsub_repeatedly(text,"([ɐāeəɪɪ̯īoʊʊ̯ū])([#]?)([ ]?)([ˈˌ#.])([k])([ɐāeəɪīoʊū])","%1%2%3%4x%6") -- /k/ between vowels
text = rsub_repeatedly(text,"([ɐāeəɪɪ̯īoʊʊ̯ū])([#]?)([ ]?)([ˈˌ#.])([ɡ])([ɐāeəɪīoʊū])", "%1%2%3%4ɣ%6") -- /ɡ/ between vowels
text = rsub(text,"d([ˈˌ.])ɟ","%1ĵ") --/d/ before /j/
text = rsub(text,"d[ɟj]([ɐāeəɪɪ̯īoʊʊ̯ū])","ĵ%1") --/d/ before /j/
text = rsub(text,"s[ɟj]([ɐāeəɪɪ̯īoʊʊ̯ū])","ʃ%1") --/s/ before /j/
text = rsub(text,"([n])([ˈ ˌ# .]*[ɡk])","ŋ%2") -- /n/ before /k/ and /g/ (some proper nouns and loanwords)
--text = rsub(text,"n([ˈˌ.])ɟ","%1ɲ") -- /n/ before /j/
text = rsub(text,"s([ˈˌ.])ɟ","%1ʃ") -- /s/ before /j/
text = rsub(text,"z([ˈˌ.])ɟ","%1ʒ") -- /z/ before /j/
text = rsub(text,"t([ˈˌ.])ɟ","%1ĉ") -- /t/ before /j/
text = rsub(text,"t([ˈˌ.])s([ɐāeəɪīoʊū])","%1ć%2") -- /t/ before /s/
text = rsub(text,"t([.])s","ts") -- /t/ before /s/
text = rsub(text,"([ˈˌ.])d([ɟj])([ɐāeəɪīoʊū])","%1ĵ%3") -- /dj/ before any vowel following stress
text = rsub(text,"([ˈˌ.])n([ɟj])([ɐāeəɪīoʊū])","%1ɲ%3") -- /nj/ before any vowel following stress
text = rsub(text,"([ˈˌ.])s([ɟj])([ɐāeəɪīoʊū])","%1ʃ%3") -- /sj/ before any vowel following stress
text = rsub(text,"([ˈˌ.])t([ɟj])([ɐāeəɪīoʊū])","%1ĉ%3") -- /tj/ before any vowel following stress
-- text = rsub(text,"([oʊ])([m])([.]?)([ˈ]?)([pb])","u%2%3%4%5") -- /o/ and /ʊ/ before /mb/ or /mp/
text = rsub(text,"([ɐāeəɪīoʊū])(ɾ)([bćĉdfɡĵklmnŋpstvz])([s]?)([#.])","%1ɹ%3%4%5") -- /ɾ/ becoming /ɹ/ before consonants not part of another syllable
-- fake "t.s" to real "t.s"
text = rsub(text, "[ć]", "t͡s")
--final fix for phonetic diphthongs
text = rsub(text,"([ɐ])ɪ̯","aɪ̯") --ay
text = rsub(text,"([ɐ])ʊ̯","aʊ̯") --aw
text = rsub(text,"([ɪ])ʊ̯","iʊ̯") --iw
table.insert(debug, text)
--Change /e/ closer to native pronunciation.
text = rsub(text, "e", "ɛ")
else
text = rsub(text,"%.","")
text = rsub(text,"‿", " ")
end
table.insert(debug, text)
--delete temporary macron in /a/, /i/ and /u/
text = rsub(text,"ā","a")
text = rsub(text,"ī","i")
text = rsub(text,"ū","u")
-- Final fix for "iy" and "uw" combination
text = rsub(text,"([iɪ])([ˈˌ.]*)ɟ([aɐeɛəouʊ])","%1%2%3")
text = rsub(text,"([uʊ])([ˈˌ.]*)w([aɐeɛəiɪo])","%1%2%3")
text = rsub(text,"([ɪ])([ˈˌ.]*)ɟ([i])","%1%2%3")
text = rsub(text,"([i])([.]*)ɟ([ɪ])","%1%2%3")
text = rsub(text,"([ʊ])([ˈˌ.]*)w([u])","%1%2%3")
text = rsub(text,"([u])([.]*)w([ʊ])","%1%2%3")
--remove "ɟ" and "w" inserted on vowel pair starting with "e" and "o"
text = rsub(text,"([ɛe])([ˈˌ.]*)[ɟj]([aɐo])","%1%2%3")
text = rsub(text,"([o])([ˈˌ.]*)w([aɐeɛə])","%1%2%3")
-- convert fake symbols to real ones
local final_conversions = {
["ĉ"] = "t͡ʃ", -- fake "ch" to real "ch"
["ɟ"] = "j", -- fake "y" to real "y"
["ĵ"] = "d͡ʒ" -- fake "j" to real "j"
}
text = rsub(text, "[ĉɟĵ]", final_conversions)
-- Do not have multiple syllable break consecutively
text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "([.]+)", ".")
text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "([.]?)(‿)([.]?)", "%2")
-- remove # symbols at word and text boundaries
text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "([.]?)#([.]?)", "")
-- resuppress syllable mark before IPA stress indicator
text = rsub(text, "%.(" .. ipa_stress_c .. ")", "%1")
text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "([.]?)(" .. ipa_stress_c .. ")([.]?)", "%2")
tl_IPA_table[key] = mw.ustring.toNFC(text)
end
return tl_IPA_table
end
function export.show(frame)
local params = {
[1] = {},
["pre"] = {},
["bullets"] = {type = "number", default = 1},
}
local parargs = frame:getParent().args
local args = require("モジュール:parameters").process(parargs, params)
local results = {}
local text = args[1] or mw.title.getCurrentTitle().text
local IPA_result = export.IPA(text)
table.insert(results, { pron = "/" .. IPA_result["phonemic"] .. "/" })
table.insert(results, { pron = "[" .. IPA_result["phonetic"] .. "]" })
local pre = args.pre and args.pre .. " " or ""
local bullet = (args.bullets ~= 0) and "* " or ""
return bullet .. pre .. m_IPA.format_IPA_full(lang, results)
end
return export